AP Euro Notes on Renaissance

AP Euro Notes on Renaissance Essay The balance of power among the Italian associates 1 . Italy had no political unity; it was divided into associates such as Milan, Venice, and Florence, the Papal States, and a kingdom of Naples in the south. 2. The political and economic competition among the associates prevented centralization of power. 3. Shifting alliances among the associates led to the creation of permanent ambassadors. 4. After 1494 a divided Italy became a European battleground. Intellectual hallmarks of the Renaissance A. Many, like the poet and humanist Patriarch, saw the fourteenth century as a new olden age and a revival of ancient Roman culture. B. Individualism 1 . Literature specifically concerned with the nature of individuality emerged. 2. Renaissance people believed in individual will and genius. C. Humanism 1 . Italians collected ancient manuscripts and monuments, and copied the ancient Roman lifestyle. 2. The study of the classics led to humanism, an emphasis on human beings. A. Humanists sought to understand human nature through a study of pagan and classical authors and Christian thought. B. The humanist writer Pico Della Miranda believed that there were no limits to what human beings could accomplish. . Ancient Latin style was considered superior to medieval Latin. D. Secular spirit 1 . Secularism means a concern with materialism rather than religion. 2. Unlike medieval people, Renaissance people were concerned with money and pleasure. A. In On Pleasure, Lorenz Villa defended the pleasure of the senses as the highest good. B. In the Dodecahedron, Vacation portrayed an acquisitive and worldly society. 3. The church did little to combat secularism; in fact, many popes were Renaissance patrons and participantsand the church even gave up its opposition to usury. Art and artists achievements, led by Florence and Rome. B. Art and power 1 . In the early Renaissance, powerful urban groups commissioned works of art, which remained overwhelmingly religious. 2. In the later fifteenth century, individuals and oligarchs began to sponsor works of art as a means of glorifications. 3. Wealthy people began to spend less on warfare and more on art and architecture. A. At first the bed chamber room was the most important, but later many other rooms were even more decorated. B. The homes private chapel was the most elaborate and expensive. 4. As the century advanced, art became more and more secular, and lassie subjects became popular. A. The style of art changed in the fifteenth century. B. The individual portrait emerged as a distinct genre. C. Painting and sculpture became more naturalistic and realistic, and the human body was glorified, as in the work of the sculptors Donated and Michelangelo. D. A new international style emphasized color, decorative detail, and curvilinear rhythms. E. In painting, the use of perspective was pioneered by Brucellosis and Della Francesca. C. The status of the artist 1 . The status of the artist improved during the Renaissance; most work was done by commission from a prince. . The creative genius of the artist was recognized and rewarded. 3. The Renaissance was largely an elitist movement; Renaissance culture did not directly affect the middle classes or the urban working class. 0 Social change of the Renaissance A. Education and political thought 1 . Humanists were interested in education, particularly the training of rulers, and moral behavior. A. Verger wrote a treatise on education that stressed the teaching of history, ethics, and rhetoric (public speaking). B. Castigations The Courtier, which was widely read, described the model Renaissance gentleman as a man of many Allens, including intellectual and artistic skills. C. Machiavellian The Prince described how to acquire, maintain, and increase political power. D. Machiavelli believed that the politician should manipulate people and use any means to gain power. E. Machiavelli did not advocate amoral behavior but believed that political action cannot be governed by moral considerations. B. The printed word 1. The invention in 1455 of movable type by Gutenberg, Fuss, and Such ¶offer made possible the printing of a wide variety of texts. . Printing transformed the lives of Europeans by making propaganda possible, encouraging a wider common identity, ND improving literacy. C. Clocks 1. By about 1320 some Europeans had learned how to quantify time by use of the mechanical clockmeaning bells. 2. Clocks were important for understanding and controlling urban-economic life. D. Women and work in R enaissance society 1 . Most women married, were responsible for domestic affairs, and frequently worked outside the home. 2. Women worked in ship building, textiles, agriculture, as well as midwives and servants. 3. READ: renaissance/sonnet study guideCompared to women in the previous age, the status of uppercases women declined during the Renaissance. 4.. The Renaissance did not include women in the general improvement of educational opportunities. Women were expected to use their education solely to run a household. E. Culture and 1 . With respect to sex and love, a double standard was applied as sex for women was restricted to marriage, while men could pursue sex outside of marriage. 2. The rape of women by uppercases men was frequent and not considered a serious offense. 3. Sex crimes occurred and were punished, but women appear to be victims in fewer cases than earlier. . Homosexual practice appears to have been common, particularly based on relationship between men and boys. 5. Some of this sexual activity seems to have evolved out of social-community needs of men. 6. The frequency of anti-sodomys laws in the fifteenth century suggests that homosexuality was widespread, difficult to out law, and important in shaping masculine gender identity. F. Blacks and ethnicity in Renaissance society 1 . Enslavement of Slavic peoples in eastern Europe was commonas Germans and others enslaved and/or sold Polish and Bohemian people. 2. Italians brought many white slaves to Europe by way of the Mediterranean. 3. Beginning in the fifteenth century, black slaves were brought into Europe in large numbers. 4. Black slavery in Europe appears to have been less harsh than that in America. 5. Some black rulers in Africa adopted a European lifestyle and participated in selling their black people into European slavery. 6. Africans, in fact, were of different ethnic groups and thus biracial. 7. Blacks as slaves and freemen filled a variety of positions, from laborers to dancers and actors and musicians. 8. The European attitude toward blacks was ambivalentblackness symbolized both evil and humility. 9. In the Renaissance, blacks were displayed as signs of wealth. 0 The Renaissance in the north began in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. A. It was more Christian than the Renaissance in Italy, and it stressed social reform based on Christian ideals. B. Christian humanists sought to create a more perfect world by combining the best elements of classical and Christian cultures. 1. Humanists like Left ©ever believed in the use of the Bible by common people. 2. Thomas More, the author of Utopia, believed that society, not people, needed improving. A. More was a Christian lawyer and minister of King Henry VIII. B. His Utopia was a socialistic society based on common ownership and social equality. 3. The Dutch monk Erasmus best represents Christian animus in his emphasis on education as the key to a moral and intellectual improvement and inner Christianity. C. The stories of the French humanist Rabbles were distinctly secular but still had a serious purpose. 1. Like More, Rabbles believed that institutions molded individuals and that education was the key to moral life. . His books on the adventures of Gargantuan and Pentagonal were spoofs on French social life. D. Northern art and architecture were more religious than in Italy and less influenced by classical themes and motifs. 1. Van Check painted realistic works with attention to human personality. 2. Busch used religion and folk legends as themes. 3. The city halls of northern Europe were grand architectural monuments. 0 Politics and the state in the Renaissance (ca. 1450-1521) A. Afterburners rulers began the process of order through centralization of power. 1. The result was the rise of many powerful and ruthless rulers interested in the centralization of power and the elimination of disorder and violence. 2. Many of them, such as Louis XSL of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, seemed to be acting according to Machiavellian principles. 3. These monarchs invested kingship with a monarchs were not entirely originalsome of them had their roots in the Middle Ages. 5. The ideas of the new monarchs were not entirely originalsome of them had their roots in the Middle Ages. B. France after the Hundred Years War 1 . READ: Humanism in Renaissance Art EssayCharles VII ushered in an age of recovery and ended civil war. A. He expelled the English, reorganized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, and remodeled the army. B. He made the church subject to the state. 2. Louis XSL expanded the French state and laid the foundations of later French absolutism. C. England also suffered from disorder. . Feudal lords controlled the royal council and Parliament in the fifteenth century. 2. Between 1455 and 1471, the houses of York and Lancaster fought a civil war called the Wars of the Roses that hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry. . Edward IV and his followers began to restore royal power, avoided expensive war, and reduced their reliance on Parliament for funds. 4. The English Parliament had become a power center for the aristocracy but was manipulated by Henry VII into becoming a tool of the king. 5. Henry VII used the royal council and the court of Star Chamber to check aristocratic power. 6. Henry VII and his successors won the support of the upper middle class promoting their interest in money, trade, and stability. D. Spain turned against its own cultural diversity 1 . The reconstitutes was the centurions attempt to unite Spain and expel Muslims and Jews. 2. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was the last major step in the unification and Christianization of Spain. A. Under their reign, however, Spain remained a loose confederation of separate states. B. They used the harnessed, or local police forces, to administer royal Justice. 3. Ferdinand and Isabella restructured the royal council to curb aristocratic power. . The church was also used to strengthen royal authority. 5. Ferdinand and Isabella completed the reconstitutes in 1492, but many Jews remained because they aided royal power. A. Jews were often financiers and professionals; many (called converses) had converted but were still disliked and distrusted. B. Needing a scapegoat during the Black Death, Spanish mobs killed many Jews. C. Ferdinand and Isabella revived the Inquisition and used its cruel methods to unify Spain and expel the Jews. 6. Spanish Christians rejected converses on the basis of raceout of fear of converses taking over public offices. Most Jews fled from Spain.

Introduction to inllectual property Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to inllectual property - Coursework Example ments of the patent is that it contains a clear description of the invention, so that people skilled in the field of engineering may be allowed to apply it. By law the patent is issued in the name of its actual inventor. However a joint inventor is allowed to contribute and conceive some elements as mentioned in the claims. Any technician or any other individual who worked under the guidance of the inventor is not considered to be the joint inventor, unless or until they have made any individual contribution. Patents can also be used as a negotiating tools for the cross licensing agreements that may at times include certain trade secrets. Copyright is used to keep the publishers and other entities from using the each other books without making payments. The basic concept indicates the fact that some spark of originality and creativity must be present for the protection of copyright. The concept of copyright is based on the fact that only the expression of functions or ideas is protected not the idea itself. It is certain that the idea of spreadsheet cannot be copyrighted; however some particular screen choices can be. Copyright gives long term protection to the publisher in comparison to the patent. The term covers the whole life of the author plus 50 years more. Decompiling codes is often used for in order to discover the working of software products. The information gained in this case should be abstracted before it is even applied. The clean room technique is an approach used for insulating an idea rather than expressing it. However if some new work is created by the author with reference to his previous copyrighted material, then such material is classified as derivative work. This derivative work is not considered original but it is considered to be the part of the copyrighted material. Trademarks are considered to be the logos, regular patterns or the stylized patterns used by the businesses and entrepreneurs as a shorthand identity to represent their

International business essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International business - Essay Example These same forces influence the growth of globalization, which is the ongoing political, economic, and social process that deepens the interdependency amongst nations. In the world today, approximately 25 percent of the produce globally is sold outside the country from which they originated (Boyer, 2012). This is due to the continuous reduction in the restrictions that concern imports and exports. This has helped the expansion of multinational retail, as the retailers take advantage of these incentives to venture into foreign markets. In addition to the reduction in import restrictions, the regional trade agreements signed amongst various countries have enabled the retailers to reduce the costs of foreign licensing, as the globe is transforming towards the reliance in regional trade balances (Dicken, 2011). The easy movements of resources across borders are a factor that influences the retail activities all around the world. Contrary to the previous trends that made it difficult to move resources across the precincts, this current trend facilitates mechanisms that increase the access of retailer resources in the foreign market (Connell, 2005). Besides, the trade restrictions on foreign investment allow foreign retail investors to open multiple store branches across a foreign market. This is coupled with the increasing need of governments to fulfill the overgrowing customer tastes in trying foreign retail services and products. In a bid to diversify the consumer tastes, Marks and Spencer ventured into the Italian dressing industry, opening multiple stores that competed against the trademark Italian Giorgio Armani cloth line. This example has championed the growth of economic blocs, such as the COMESA, NATO, and European Union that have general agreements on the conditions of trade as we ll as suitable tariffs (Schmalz & Ebenau, 2012). The expansion of multinational retail services and activities is attributed to the expansion in

Globalization - Containerization Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization - Containerization - Case Study Example Even though CBP has in past been able to counter security threats posed by containerization trade significantly in the past, there has been rising fear that the increasing international trade through ocean transportation might endanger national security. Indeed, almost 95% of cargos arriving in America are undertaken through sea. Thus, there has been an opinion that the international trade needs to be slowed down to ensure the national security is not compromised. However, it is possible to look after the national security without slowing down the international trade through employment of advanced technology on sensors. The ability of developing a multisensory device that is capable of detecting diverse threats when the container is en-route will ensure the national docks are secure from potential threats since the threat will be detected in advance (Grillot, Cruise and DErman 178). However, the security measures at the dock currently are not similar to measures at train stations and airports since the threats are undetected before they arrive at the dock. There have been improved security measures at train stations, airports, and other places compared to docks since a potential threat is detected before a security agency undertakes a screening exercise through sophisticated surveillance cameras amounted across the country. Consequently, the Federal government and maritime industry needs to invest heavily in technology of detecting illegal content and potential threat of container en-route to ensure the threat is countered efficiently and effectively. This will help in promoting secure and safe containerization

Visual analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual analysis - Assignment Example Figures that used to be fixed, large, often presented from the front, are at this time of light, becoming elongated proportions; they are often portrayed in the interaction. The style of this period is marked increase of scenic elements, colorful range of complication with the use of color blend. As the era of European history it is marked by numerous milestones - including the strengthening of economic and social liberties of the cities, spiritual revival that led eventually to the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, the Peasants War in Germany, the formation of absolute monarchy (the largest scale it had in France), the beginning of the Age of discoveries, the invention of European printing, the discovery of the heliocentric system in cosmology and etc. The art of that time had showing of the Byzantine trend where the refined ornamentality, subtle artistic language and deep religiosity, emotion, dogmatism, expression and philosophical depth are closely interweaved. LORENZO DI CREDI. MADONNA AND CHILD, XV century. The base for this picture was the iconography of "Madonna: Tenderness". In the picture Christ is drawn to Marys cheek, with his hands around her neck. She lowered her eyes, gently hugging her Son. The cordiality emanating from the divine figures, brings them closer to the viewer, giving him an opportunity to at least partially understand the Heavenly harmony. The trends of the High Renaissance are reflected in this picture: clarity, balance, perfect beauty of forms and tranquility of the spirit which spreads between the figures. All the colors are selected very painstakingly; they are bright but calm and charm the viewer. The di Credis picture is very similar to the work of Raphaels "Madonna of the Meadow". RAPHAEL. MADONNA OF THE MEADOW, 1506. In the composition of this picture we can feel the significant influence of the Michelangelos works. Pyramidal structure of the group of actors reminds the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. But with

The Long Arm Statute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Long Arm Statute - Essay Example Jurisdiction over a defendant who is out-of-state is often known as extraterritorial personal jurisdiction or personam jurisdiction which permits a court to exert jurisdiction upon an individual. It is always an important requirement for a given court to listen to the merits of claims alleged. Going by the history, a given state had the capability of exercising its jurisdiction within its territorial limits. For that reason, a defendant who is nonresident was brought to court when the delivery of writ or summons (service of process) was settled while the defendant in question was within the state boundaries (Parness 486). In Adamson’s case, he lives in Idaho with his children who happened to have made an order of Makers Mark from Kentucky. Can Adamson serve the company with a â€Å"long arm service of process† and bring the case back to Idaho for court action? Adamson can serve the company with the long arm service of process so that the case can be taken back to Idaho. However, Kentucky would be ideal for handling the cases despite the fact that Adamson’s family hailed from Idaho, and had minimal contact with the forum state. In this case, Makers Mark was searched through the Internet and for that reason; there was ‘certain minimum contacts’ during the process.... However, Idaho is ideal for the hearing of the case as the defendants hail from the state and would be better placed to access the courts as opposed to going all the way to Kentucky. The best state for forum and review of the case would be Kentucky though with minimum contact, is the place to follow up the case as the transaction was done within the state. The fact that there was certain minimum contact was enough a reason to adopt the in Kentucky (Adams). Which state law from the two states should the Judge use? The judge will use the Kentucky state law which states that: A court may exert personal jurisdiction upon a person acting directly or through an agent as to claims emanating from the person’s conducting any business in this Commonwealth. The â€Å"person† in this case refers to an individual, administrator, his executor, any personal representative, partnership, association, corporation, or any other commercial or legal entity, who happens to be a non resident of the state (Parness 487). In this case Adamson is not the person that committed the act, but his children who acted as his representatives. They made the transaction on his behalf and are liable for legal action within Kentucky state statutes and laws. Explain the written law and your reasons. Analyze the written law in relation to this case, explain current case law and reach a conclusion as a judge Because the person (Adamson’s representatives) made an Internet search, this means that there was, in deed, certain minimum contact with the state. Secondly, the person also made calls and enquires and would later manage to convince the company through calls and fax that they were of the right age to make the transaction. The defendant has breached the Kentucky statute by

Research methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research methodology - Essay Example It will be argued in the following that this is the guiding thread for his critique of religion. His critique of religion, it will be argued is a critique of metaphysics. His aim in the critique is to refute the idea that history is marked by spiritual progress, and in turn, replace this with a progress defined by a 'class struggle', and in particular, the material relations surrounding the means of production. Thus, the relationship between his critique of religion and his political economy, is the replacement of spiritual progress with that of the class struggle. Concerning the issue of research methodology, the following analysis will pay careful attention to what is employed by Marx. His approach on this issue, includes textual interpretation. That is, he provides analysis of key texts like the philosopher, Georg Hegel. Second, his methodology in the following is historical interpretation. In particular, he focuses on economic history but also social history. â€Å"The German Id eology† is his most decisive criticism of religion. ... Thus, the reformation can be regarded as a change of consciousness that emancipates the individual consciousness from the determination of the consciousness by the church. In turn, this change of consciousness or of thinking, helps to shape and change history itself. By contrast, Marx outlines the material conditions which determine the social relations manifest in any given culture, and further, these material conditions are the cause of forms of consciousness. Consciousness in this sense, includes also the various forms of belief systems which religion consists of. He describes the ‘priority’ of material conditions against consciousness as a determinant for human behavior and of politics, therefore, in the following: â€Å"Men distinguish themselves by consciousness, by religion or anything else you like . . . they . . . distinguish themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means of subsistence . . . by producing their means of subsistence men are indirectly producing their actual material life† [Marx, 1997: 341]. Marx's critique of Hegel is central to his critique of religion. It will therefore require some analysis to demonstrate Marx's 'materialistic' interpretation of history over and against Hegel's spiritual reading of history. Marx views Hegel's philosophy, along with religion, as essentially a â€Å"mystical† position [Marx, 1970, p. 27]. By ‘mystical’, it is implied in terms of an argument which is beyond the bounds of reason, and by ‘reason’, it is implied in the material or physical sense of the term. Or, it is implied in terms of something which can be verified empirically or through sense experience. In other words, and in keeping with what was said above, it can be said that the person which Hegel is describing is