Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Coldwar essays

Coldwar expositions The contention in philosophies among free enterprise and socialism brought about probably the best clash of the twentieth century. The conviction that opportunity and majority rule government would bite the dust under socialist guideline made the United States start a contention that would keep going for quite a long time. The choices made by the United States in W.W.II made strains ascend between the U. S. also, the Soviet Union. Dread of Communism in entrepreneur countries, made the United states government use purposeful publicity to raise Cold War tensions. Besides, the American media affected the mentalities of Americans, making a contempt of socialism spread however the country. Subsequently, the United States caused the contention known as the Cold War, through its political arrangement and purposeful publicity. The political relations going on in Europe during and legitimately after World War II enormously affected establishing the framework for the Cold War. War time meeting s, for example, Yalta and Terhran harshened the connection between the socialists and the business people. Toward the finish of W.W.II American arrangement towards the Soviets changed radically. The adjustment in president in 1945 made relations with Russia intensify. Besides, other political commitments to the Cold War involved the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe between the west and east drew physical fringes which laid out that the war of deception that had started. Additionally settlements of the post war world further isolated the two super powers of the world for the decades to follow. The pursuing of hot wars through different nations additionally fortified Cold War hatred.(1) The first of the virus war strains emerged out of W.W.II gatherings between the Soviet Union, America and, Great Britain. Tehran, the main significant meeting which lead America to begin the Cold War, incorporated each of the three of these countries. At this gathering the reshaping of post-war Europe was examined (2) Later in February of 1945, the enormous three met again at Y... <!

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Development of Innovative Mindset Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advancement of Innovative Mindset - Term Paper Example Note that handicapped people have a task to carry out in boosting execution in contemporary society. They additionally have individual desires and expert aspirations that are just reasonable through education.â As substantiated by Palladino (2001) the centrality of instruction requires the advancement of all encompassing approaches that are not unfair. Countries should create great training approaches to support incapacitated instruction. Specifically, they should set up instruction places for people with uncommon necessities, give grant and assets to encourage their journey for information (Cooner, Tochterman and Garrison-Wade, nd). Development of positive infrastructural set ups that grasps their necessities are likewise critical. These components give would like to the debilitated who are being supported to understand their true abilities. Specialized curriculum has not gotten legitimate administration and vital emotionally supportive networks from key partners who incorporate school pioneers. The pioneers have not stepped up and create comprehensive school programs that give each understudy equivalent possibility of interest. The projects inside a few organizations don't support understudies with different sorts of incapacities thus impeding their exhibition scholastically and socially (Palladino, 2001). The high pace of separation additionally influences their confidence, self image and privacy. These are huge components for all encompassing turn of events. The partners have additionally neglected to create practical approaches to defend the privileges of understudies similarly and organize the exceptional needs of the crippled understudies. This is on the grounds that poor arrangements that manage activities in the training division in a few countries have been the wellspring of disappointment coming about to an all out disregard of the debilitated. As indicated by Palladino (2001), poor instructive strategies have kept on denying people with unique needs the privilege to training. This may prompt elevated level of uneducated society individuals. This in the end represents a genuine weight to governments. Researchers attest that countries ought to adjust their instruction approaches to the thousand years advancement objectives (MDG) that try to advance all inclusive training.

Thursday, August 13, 2020

Dont Collect All Three!

Dont Collect All Three! People often ask why we wrote three books about simple living: Thats not very minimalist, is it? Actually, it is, because each book communicates something unique, all three add value in different waysâ€"we didnt just slap three different covers on the same material. Everything That Remains is the why-to book: it is our personal story of letting go; it documents our five-year journey from suit-and-tie corporate guys to minimalists. This book attempts to answer the questions: Why have I given so much meaning to material possessions? Why have I been so discontented by the status quo? What if everything I ever wanted isnt what I actually want? Of everything weve written, we are most proud of this book. Minimalism is the what-to book: it focuses on the five values we must focus on to live a meaningful life.  This book attempts to answer  the questions: What is a  meaningful life? Who is the person I want to become? How will I define my success after letting go of the excess stuff? Essential is the how-to book: the best of The Minimalists, this collection of 150 essays focuses on twelve distinct areas of intentional living, from decluttering, gift-giving, and finances to passion, health, and relationships. This book attempts to answer the question: How would my life be better with less? Because people enjoy books differently, all three titles are available in paperback, ebook, and audiobook.  For the best experience, we recommend reading them in the above order: why, what, how. But doesnt selling a book fly in the face of the minimalist ethos? Arent The Minimalists asking people to consume more stuff? Thats a fair question, except books are not mere consumablesâ€"theyre experiences. The value is not in the artifact itselfâ€"the value is in the words. Ergo, we dont want you to consume our booksâ€"we want you to experience them. Do we want you to purchase our books? Sureâ€"only if youre willing to read them, though. But please, by all means, do not collect them. When youre finished, pass the book on to someone who might find value in its pages. Or, instead of buying our books, find them at your local library. And if your local branch doesnt have one of our titles, ask them to  order itâ€"most libraries are delighted to fulfill the requests of patrons. No matter the vehicleâ€"be it our books, essays, podcast, or documentaryâ€"we hope you find value in our message. Above all, we want to add value to your life. P.S. Our books are also available in these languages. Beyond our books, you can check out The Minimalists book recommendations for a short list of books that have influenced us over the years. You May Also Enjoy How to Start a Successful Blog Today Learn how to start a blog in less than an hour. Follow the step-by-step instructions we used when starting our blog, which now has reached more than 20 million people. Creating this blog is one of the best decisions Ryan and I ever made. After all, our blog is how we earn a living. More important, it's how we add value to other people's lives. Read more 30-Day Minimalism Game Let's play a simple game together. We call it the 30-Day Minimalism Game. Find a friend, family member, or coworker who's willing to minimize their stuff with you next month. Read more 11 Ways to Write Better We are all writers now. Whether you write books, blog posts, emails, Instagram captions, or text messages, you are a writer. No matter your preferred medium, here are a few tips to help you write more effectively. Read more Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Frankenstein And The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde

The purpose of this essay is not only to draw comparisons of the iniquity of the antagonists of two classic literary works – Dracula and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde – but also to analyze and explain how these villains represent human temptations and the dark side of a person’s character. Throughout this essay each section will serve to explain what the villains represent and how it ties back to human nature. The Introduction will define evil and villainy as well as the purpose of both villains – Dracula and Hyde – and why this topic is relevant. The Time Period section will discuss what constitutes evil, how it has changed over time and draw comparison between modern villainy and that of the Victorian era with which the†¦show more content†¦While in Stoker’s novel, the alluring Count Dracula spends the nights continuously feeding on the blood of the innocent, the villagers all the while living in fear. He sucks the life from young maidens, transforming them into his unholy minions. But how is evil significant? How does villainy pertain to society? How does the villainy in Stoker’s Dracula compare to that of Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This Extended Essay comparing the depravity in nature of the antagonists in these classic literary works will provide a better understanding of what constitutes ‘evil’ in society. Further analysis of the villains will reveal how the authors use them as repr esentations of repressed human nature. My own fascination with the topic, as well as my rapport with gothic classic literature, led me to pursue this research topic. Time Period Both literary works were written during the Victorian era (1831-1901), a time of rigid conservatism, in which the English society was subject to specific rules and limitations. However, it is during the latter half of this period – after many advancements in biology, medicine, and psychology – that these works were actually written – Dracula (1897) and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886). They called into question the concept of evil and the true nature of man. For instance, Dracula directly addresses the highlyShow MoreRelatedMary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde793 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrity in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Compare and Contrast Science plays an integral role in the development and findings of many great things that we can benefit from. Integrity along with a specific set of moral standards must always be followed in order to ensure the end result enables a healthy environment for all whom wish to benefit from such studies. Integrity must always play and be the most essential key role in scientific research. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1831) andRead MoreEvil in Shakespeares Macbeth, Mary Shellys Frankenstein and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1782 Words   |  8 PagesEvil in Shakespeares Macbeth, Mary Shellys Frankenstein and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Evil has always been in everyones lives. Some people have it more than others. There are places in the world where evil almost takes over. It crops up in all kinds of places, all over the world. In these texts, Macbeth, Frankenstein and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde there is a definite theme of evil throughout. In this essay I will write aboutRead MoreComparing The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1599 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde’ And ‘Frankenstein’ When comparing the similarities and differences between Mary Shelley’s story of ‘Frankenstein’ and Robert Louis Stevenson’s story of ‘The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde’, it was found that although the characters in both stories suffer an unhealthy obsession/addiction to their scientific work and even though both Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll had good intentions for their creations, the outcome of the Monster and Mr. Hyde wereRead MoreFrankenstein As An Experimental Error936 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein was the type of â€Å"mad scientist† who would isolate himself in a laboratory, secretly creating another human life, only to discover he created a monster (Haynes, 2006). The Frankenstein story was a product of the subconscious rather than the conscious mind of its own author (Haynes, 2006). The monster replied to the beauties of nature, to the joys of domesticity and ideas of excellent novels (Haynes, 2006). The monster had both an alter ego and even denied that he had a child while marriedRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1739 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson, the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley, the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W.W Jacobs and the short story â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. These four texts convey this theme through the use of gothic conventions such as death, madness and darkness. In the novels The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll are wronglyRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreFrom The Beginning Of Time, Humans Have Struggled To Make1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween good and evil. Victor Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll were unable to see the difference between good and bad. These men were selfish and wanted to gain for themselves, rather than avoid the evil. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is a prime example of humans having to make a decision. Dr. Jekyll has to choose good or evil. He eventually makes the selfish decision which impacts everyone including himself. This decision causes Dr. Jekyll to release his inner demonsRead More The Id, Ego and Superego Shown in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde1454 Words   |  6 PagesFrankenstein: the Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson both show Freud’s ideas of Id, Ego and Superego as well as of innate desire. Frankenstein: the Modern Prometheus shows Freuds stages of psychosexual development. Collectively both novels should be considered Freudian through these ideas. Jekyll and Hyde works as a symbolic portrayal of the goodness and evil that resides in equal measure within the soul of a man. It pre-emptedRead More The Gothic Novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay examples 1403 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde be viewed as a gothic novel? Jekyll and Hyde is a gothic novel. It was written by Robert Louis Stevenson, he got the idea for the story after a dream he had. The word ‘Goth’ is originally from a German tribe and has come to mean ‘barbarian’ and later know as ‘Gothic’. In Gothic Literature certain features are expected. These are supernatural events, have villains and hero characters, strange weather, horror, mystery and deathsRead MoreIs Humanity Really Frankenstein s Monster?1619 Words   |  7 Pagescan be easily masked, and are therefore often overlooked. Three 19th century novels, Frankenstein, Sherlock Holmes: The Sign of Four, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reveal both physical and mental qualities of monstrosity through the characters and demonstrate how these qualities relate to one another. Victor Frankenstein’s creation, the nameless creature in Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, displays countless characteristics of physical monstrosity; he is described as â€Å"ugly†

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Transmission of Lyme Disease - 569 Words

Lyme disease begins with a bite from an infected tick. It is the most common tick-borne disease within the United States (Wadsworth Center, n.d.). The causative agent of Lyme disease is Borrelia burgdorferi. This pathogen is a spirochete with endoflagella, an outer membrane with LPS-like substance, an inner membrane and a periplasmic space which contains a layer of peptidoglycan (Tilly, Rosa, Stewart, 2009). As stated before, it is transmitted via a bite from an infected tick. There are two main species of ticks, Ixodes scapularis, the blacklegged tick, and Ixodes pacificus, the western blacklegged tick. Ixodes scapularis is mainly found in the northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and north central United States while Ixodes pacificus is found on the Pacific coast of the US (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). The most common reservoirs of these ticks are the white tailed deer and the white footed mouse (Wadsworth Center, n.d.). Ticks must be attached and feeding for thirty-six to forty-eight hours to transmit Lyme disease (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Although adult ticks can transmit Borrelia burgdorferi, most people infected are bitten by nymphs, immature ticks. Both females and males of any age are susceptible to being bitten by ticks, however, it is found that children ages zero to fourteen and adults ages thirty and above have the highest numbers of infection. (CDC, 2013) Borrelia burgdorferi is brought in through the tick bite to the bloodstream. From there, itShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Lyme Disease On The Geographical Distribution And Transmission Of The Disease1146 Words   |  5 PagesCenter of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 300,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2016). The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry a nd spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO, 2016). Surprisingly, it was not until 1982 that the CDC placed Lyme as an official disease categoryRead MoreElizabeth Althouse. Module 7 Assignment. Influenzapertussislyme1099 Words   |  5 PagesElizabeth Althouse Module 7 Assignment Influenza Pertussis Lyme Disease Disease is limited to humans, i.e. no animal reservoir? No. Depending on the type of Influenza it can be found in pigs, birds, whales, horses, seals and cats (â€Å"Transmission of,† 2017). Yes, Pertussis is a disease that is only found in humans which is transferred by body fluids (â€Å"Causes and Transmission,† 2015). No. There is a multitude of animals that can be infected by Lyme disease including dogs, horses, cattle, etc. but only ticksRead MoreThe Treatment And Prevention Of Lyme Disease1335 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment and Prevention of Lyme Disease This document will provide in-depth research on the treatment and prevention of Lyme disease. Lyme disease is explained by The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) as being â€Å"caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks† (What is bacteria? Section, para. 1). As explained, Lyme disease is spread through vector-borne transmissions. A vector-borne transmission is the spread of certainRead MoreLyme disease: An Emerging Infectious Disease1096 Words   |  5 PagesDisease and Pathology Lyme disease, or lyme borreliosis, is an emerging infectious disease transmitted by ticks. Lyme disease is considered an emerging infectious disease because it’s incidence has increased over the past 20 years, and it was not identified until 1975 in the United States (CITE). Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States. Lyme disease causes symptoms similar to that of influenza, and includes headache, chills, fever, lethargy, and muscleRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiological Analysis Of Lyme Disease Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Epidemiological Analysis of Lyme disease Lyme disease is a spirochetal infection, which is transmitted by the bite of infected Ixodes ricinus complex ticks. It is brought about essentially by Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States. Lyme disease was initially perceived clinically in 1977 as Lyme arthritis amid investigations of a group of youngsters in Connecticut who were thought to have adolescent rheumatoid joint inflammation. The etiology of Lyme disease was found to be a spirochete inRead MoreLyme Disease Is A Disease1286 Words   |  6 PagesLyme Disease Lyme’s disease is a disease that is transmitted to humans when an infected tick bites the human’s skin. According to Lymedisease.org, â€Å"Symptoms of early Lyme disease may present as a flu-like illness (fever, chills, sweats, muscle aches, fatigue, nausea and joint pain). Some patients have a rash or Bell’s palsy (facial drooping). However, although a rash shaped like a bull’s-eye is considered characteristic of Lyme disease, many people develop a different kind of Lyme rash or none atRead MoreDisease Control And Prevention Starting Reporting Lyme Disease1576 Words   |  7 PagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention starting reporting Lyme disease as a reportable disease in 1991 it has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness is the United States1. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States1. This report has been compiled to provi de recommendations for prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme disease is caused byRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Lyme Disease1710 Words   |  7 PagesaIntroduction Lyme disease has been the most commonly reported vector-borne illness in the United States since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started reporting it in 19911. It should be noted that Lyme disease does not occur everywhere in the US, and is heavily concentrated in upper Midwest and northeast United States1. This report has been compiled to provide recommendations for antimicrobial prophylactic treatment of Lyme disease once a patient encounters a tick bite. Lyme disease is causedRead MoreDefinition Of Casual Agent And Epidemiology1141 Words   |  5 PagesCenter of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 30,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2015). The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO, 2016). Surprisingly, it was not until 1982 that the CDC placed Lyme as an official disease categoryRead MoreA Brief History Of Lyme Disease1232 Words   |  5 PagesCenter of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 30,000 of Lyme Disease being reported in the United States annually (CDC, 2015). The above statistic categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector-borne disease. Vector is a term used to describe a living organism which is able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human. (WHO, 2016). Not many may know that it was not until 1982 that the Centers for Disease Control

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Should Pietermaritzburg Have A Methane Plant Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(217) " Pietermaritzburg Golf Club New England Road Landfill Site N3 Highway Figure 2: Size and Positioning of the New England Landfill Site Google Maps: New England Rd Pietermaritzburg: hypertext transfer protocol: //maps\." The direction and disposal of waste has become an progressively outstanding job in Pietermaritzburg over the last few old ages. There has been an addition in the sum of waste that is disposed of and the direction of Pietermaritzburg ‘s New England Road Landfill Site has been a subject of treatment and argument for the local occupants and those who make usage of the site ‘s installations. My research undertaking revolves around how and if it would be possible to better this site concentrating chiefly on the execution of a Methane works as this is the following measure that landfill sites around the universe have taken in order to do the landfill more efficient and good. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Pietermaritzburg Have A Methane Plant Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This gas to electricity program falls under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) Undertaking. 1. METHOD OF GAS-TO-ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION Procedure of change overing gas to electricity Landfill gas, LFG, ( dwelling of 50 % Methane ) is produced when the waste in the landfill decomposes and interrupt down under anaerobiotic conditions. The gas is so collected in belowground pipes which are built into the landfill as portion of the Methane works undertaking The gas is so stored This stored gas is illuminated and used to make electricity by powering turbines that turn when as a consequence of steam, from the H2O heated by the gas The excess and unneeded gas is flared in order to extinguish it The electricity can so be sold in order to power residential countries, industrial procedures and even transport systems Figure 1: Landfill gas to electricity procedure. http//www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/landfill/html/ch5.html This development of a methane works is portion of the Gas-to-Electricity undertaking that has been initiated around the universe. It involves capturing the LFG ( Landfill Gas ) that is produced when the waste in the landfill site decomposes and interruptions down. LFG is composed of 50 % Methane which is so extracted and used as a fuel in order to make electricity. The extra gas is flared in order to extinguish it. In order to see the above undertaking, one needs to maintain in head that there are restraints placed upon merely how many accommodations can be made. These restraints require the landfill to subject to the Torahs and ordinances set by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in South Africa. In order to measure this possibility, one needs to compare the New England Road Landfill Site to the others is South Africa that have successfully implemented this undertaking. The chief comparings will take topographic point between the New England Landfill Site and the 3 late implemented Methane workss in Durban, viz. on the Bisasar Road, La Mercy and Mariannhill Sites. 2. LANDFILL CRITERIA In order for a undertaking of this nature to be approved, it needs to be considered by the South African Designated National Authority ( DNA ) harmonizing to ‘Regulations under Section 25 ( 3 ) of the National Environmental Management Act: Constitution of a Designated National Authority for the Clean Development Mechanism ‘ ( GN.R 1478 of 24 December 2004 ) . 2.1 Laws and Regulations A landfill besides has to run into certain standards in order for it to be permitted to run. There are Torahs and ordinances set in topographic point which a landfill site must conform to- and have a license turn outing this- in order to be allowed to run and are as follows: A Landfill Site has a capacity of less than 100A 000 metric tons does NOT necessitate a system whereby the Landfill gas ( LFG ) is captured and managed Monitoring of the concentration of the LFG gas in the dirt. It can non transcend 1 % Adequate and efficient airing systems if the Methane concentration exceeds 5 % The wellness and health of worlds, workss and animate beings can non be compromised 2.2 Waste Management Second, there are the waste direction standards which deal with the purpose and purposes of a landfill: Reduce waste Reuse waste and Recycle waste 2.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Factors Last, there are standards with respects to the existent edifice, geological site and care of the landfill. These are: Environmental factors Economic Impacts Socio-economic factors Looking at the Environmental, Economic and Socio-economic factors, one is able to judge whether or non the New England Road Landfill site can implement and pull off a methane works on it ‘s site. 3. Environmental FACTORS 3.1 Size The size of the landfill plays a large function in the limitations it places on the sum of ‘upgrades ‘ that it can suit. The New England Road Landfill Site is little in graduated table when compared to landfills such as Mariannhill in Durban or Goudkoppies in Johannesburg. New England Road has an consumption of a few hundred dozenss less than the above two listed sites, doing it comparatively little in size. Not merely does the Landfill need to suit the Methane works itself, but it besides needs to hold the capacity to hold the following installed on it in order for the operation to run: Extraction Wellss Gas aggregation grapevines Gas extraction works Flare units LFG Generators Electricity connexion, transformers and overseas telegrams 3.2 Situation New England Road Landfill Site is situated near the N3 Highway doing it easy accessible to those going from anyplace within the metropolis. It is besides, nevertheless, in the suburb of Hayfields and is hence in really close propinquity to a residential country. This limits the extensions that can be added to the site as people live in that country and demand to therefore, as it is stated in the Torahs sing landfills, be considered. When this site is compared with that of the Mariannhill site, 20km from the Durban CBD, and the La Mercy site, 35km North of Durban, one can see that they are in countries which are far from that of residential places and hence are non capable to the restrictions of the size and wellness hazard as that of New England Road ‘s state of affairs. New England Road Pietermaritzburg Golf Club New England Road Landfill Site N3 Highway Figure 2: Size and Positioning of the New England Landfill Site Google Maps: New England Rd Pietermaritzburg: hypertext transfer protocol: //maps.google.co.za/maps? hl=en A ; tab=wl 3.3 Environmental Impacts on Plant and Animal Life Because of the country that the New England Site is in, there is non that great a menace to the lives of animate beings and workss. It is non similar, in other instances, a wood is cleared in order to let for a landfill site to be developed. The one menace nevertheless, is that the landfill site could, if it encroaches excessively close to the residential country, have an impact of the workss maintained by occupants in their gardens and domestic animate beings. These jobs may originate from hapless air quality, dust and/or acid rain due to the landfill site being within the country. 3.4 Global Warming The induction of a Methane works at a landfill site has great benefits for planetary heating as, by utilizing this as a method of bring forthing electricity, it is considered a ‘green ‘ fuel as it is non impacting the environment in a negative manner. By utilizing a Methane works, one would in fact be profiting the environment as the LFG, if non eliminated, contributes greatly to planetary heating. The Methane is used to bring forth electricity, hence diminishing the demand for huge sums of fossil fuels ( which, when combusted produce emanations that contribute towards planetary heating ) and the unneeded gas is flared so as to non negatively impact the environment and atmosphere. The 3 Durban workss entirely are leting a lessening in South Africa ‘s CO2 emanations by 12A 000 metric tons and cut downing the sum of coal used by 80A 000 metric tons a twelvemonth. 4. ECONOMIC Impact 4.1 Cost of Undertaking There is a high cost involved in edifice and keeping a Methane works. The Durban Methane undertaking, which involved developing these workss at 3 different landfill sites, cost R100 million, which was borrowed from different Bankss and patrons. Part of this cost is non merely for the Methane works itself, but the supernumeraries which are needed in order for this undertaking to run as listed under 3.1 Size. This is a big and clip consuming operation. The New England Road Landfill Management have planned to implement pipes in the site for many old ages now, but no action seems to hold been taken sing this. This is due to the Municipal Finance Management Act rendering the undertaking unviable due to the stamp demands ( Witness Reporter, The Witness Newspaper, Page 11, June 7 2010 ) . 4.2 Net income The net income that would be made from the execution of this undertaking is huge. There would be a big sum of electricity produced from one landfill site, for illustration the three Durban Methane workss produce a combined sum of 10A 000 kWs per twelvemonth. It has been estimated that this will bring forth an income of R4.5million a month due to the gross revenues of the electricity and C credits. It is believed that some of the landfills in South Africa have the possible to bring forth 12 000 megawatts per twelvemonth, cut downing CO2 emanations and assisting to better South Africa ‘s place as one of the biggest Carbon dioxide emitters in the universe, despite being a 3rd universe state. 5. SOCIO-ECONOMIC Factor 5.1 Health Populating in an country near a landfill has had effects such as: Fatigue Concerns Sleepiness Allergies such has hayfever Respiratory jobs such as asthma There have besides been links to low birth weight, birth defects and certain types of malignant neoplastic diseases such as vesica malignant neoplastic disease and leukaemia. These nevertheless have non been proven as yet and are simply tendencies that have been noticed more and more by physicians with patients who live in close propinquity to a landfill site. If a Methane works is implemented, it would intend an addition in the figure of people who make usage of the landfill site on a day-to-day footing. This would hold a direct consequence to the supra listed wellness effects as the dust and emanations produced from vehicles would increase and do the above effects more terrible. 5.2 Aestheticss The value of residential belongings within the locality of a landfill site lessenings. It makes the part less appealing as residential places could be looking upon an unsightly landfill site. There is besides a bad odor due to the decomposing waste which adds another unwanted factor to a residential country. 5.3 Employment and Job Creation The execution of a Methane works would intend an addition in the figure of occupations provided by the landfill site. There would be a demand for more people to pull off and run the site as it would hold many more people doing usage of the site and will therefore necessitate more aid in order to run the works itself. The lone ruin nevertheless, is that most of the prospective employees will hold to hold achieved a certain degree of instruction as they will necessitate to be taught how to run the works, as it is a specialised undertaking. 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT In order to let for the maximal potency of methane production at a landfill site, recycling is indispensable. The bulk of waste merchandises that are reclaimable are non biodegradable and hence do non lend to the production of methane ( and hence do non lend to the sum of LFG produced in the landfill ) . This means that these waste merchandises are simply taking up infinite that should basically be used for waste that will interrupt down in order to bring forth the maximal possible sum of LFG which will guarantee maximal production of electricity ( therefore increasing the net income earned by these gross revenues ) . The chief reclaimable merchandises: Glass Paper Plastics Metallic element Figure 3: Family Waste hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rise.org.au/info/Res/waste/index.html The nutrient and kitchen and green waste produced makes up the bulk of waste in a family. This waste can be recycled by being composted, alternatively of being dumped at a landfill site. The organic affair can besides be composted along with this. The glass, paper, metal and plastic signifier the waste that needs to be recycled. This so leaves really small waste from the family which will come in the landfill site. This will increase the life span of the landfill site and do the production of LFG more effectual as all the unneeded merchandises are no longer in the landfill and so decomposition will go on expeditiously. Figure 4: Graph to demo the sum of waste produced by different states. Self Generated Figure 5: Graph to demo the figure of landfills in different states. Self Generated As can be seen from the above graphs, South Africa does non bring forth excessively much waste when compared to the other states as it is graded 4th. We can see though that China, the highest waste manufacturer, has the lowest figure of landfills. This is because China manages waste really good. They have a rigorous recycling plan in topographic point and do certain that their landfills are utilized expeditiously and efficaciously. They besides do non hold plenty landfill sites to get by with the sum of waste they produce and so one time can see that non all the waste is traveling to their limited landfill sites. Alternatively, they have Methane workss that use the waste in order to bring forth elecrticity hence bettering their waste direction and bring forthing something of usage out of waste. 7. Evaluation One can see that the New England Road Landfill Site can non implement a Methane works. There are excessively many bounds created by the Torahs and ordinances and if one was to implement this undertaking, the license needed in order for the landfill to run would be confiscated as there are excessively many hazards involved. The landfill does non suit the standards involved concerning: 1. Size 2. Situation 3. Cost 4. Health 5. Aestheticss It is hence non feasible to see a Methane works at this landfill site as, besides it non conforming to the Torahs and ordinances if one were in topographic point, it is an unlikely venture because of factors such as the cost involved. 8. Proposal Alternatively of presenting a Methane works to the New England Landfill Site, one can see that the Pietermaritzburg occupants ( and those that utilize the New England Road Landfill Site ) need to set a stricter recycling government into topographic point. There were efforts to get down this undertaking in suburbs such as Athlone, Montrose and Wembley but this inaugural seems to hold lost drift. A recycling program would therefore guarantee an increased life span of the New England Landfill Site ( as it is already limited ) and would intend that money is saved through recycling. In the hereafter, a construct of holding merely the Methane grapevine installed into the New England Site could be considered. This would affect the LFG being collected and stored and so leting it to be transported to a Methane works at a different location so that the gas can so be used to bring forth electricity. Word Count: 2773 How to cite Should Pietermaritzburg Have A Methane Plant Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Sunday, May 3, 2020

‘Slavery in the Chocolate Industry’ Essay Example For Students

‘Slavery in the Chocolate Industry’ Essay ? Question 1: What are the systemic, corporate and individual ethical issues raised by this case? The article Slavery in the Chocolate Industry (Velasquez, 2012) is about child slavery in cocoa plantations in West Africa. Slavery in the chocolate industry case has systemic, corporate and individual ethical issues. First, from the point of systemic ethical issue, economic system should be taken into consideration. The price of cocoa beans had declined since 1996, which urged farmers to think about operate slavery to reduce the working costs. There is another systemic issue relates to the statutory aspect of slavery in the chocolate industry. Slavery is illegal on farms in the Ivory Coast but the law is rarely enforced, as it seems. (Kuski, 2012) The next point is corporate ethical issue by the case. Middlemen who grind and process cocoa beans they acquire and collect these with their own Trucks from the Ivory Coast and sell the product to manufacturers. That means the middlemen are conscious of the slavery labor problem. After the media attention since the British television company True Vision and antislavery group activities, U. S. Senator Tom Harkin and U. S. representative Eliot Engel, the members of the Chocolate Manufacturers Association and the World Cocoa Foundation, together with human rights groups and the Ivory Coast signed narrative of Cooperation. But the problem is they cannot control over anything because there are more than a million cocoa farms, most of them family farms and they located in rural regions in Africa. Lastly, there are some individual ethical issues whereby the Cocoa farmers are affected the most of the issue because it is illegal to use child slavery labor. The International labor Organization (ILO) termed forced labor as: â€Å"All work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of a penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily†. Also it is immorally wrong to take someone unwillingly. Another issue is the consumers who know the problem. That means us. Even if we know the companies names involved in this case we continue to buy and to consume or Chocolate Consumers aren’t kept so far removed from the Cocoa slavery issue that they are unaware or even be ignorant of the mentioned issue- so they have no apologize. Question 2: In your view is the kind of child slavery discussed in this case absolutely wrong no matter what or is it only relatively wrong i. e. if one happens to live in a society like ours that disapproves of Slavery? In the1979’s draft articles on State Responsibility, the International Law Commission suggested that state acts are international crimes if they seriously breach international peace, deny people the right of self-determination, or fail to guarantee human life and dignity (e. g. , slavery, genocide, and apartheid). Other breaches, according to the Draft Articles, are international torts. (International Law Commission Draft Articles, 1979) In my opinion, child slavery is completely wrong. Why should I force someone to work who would not want to do? Certainly the farmers are under some pressure as the prices of beans are seemingly pressed repeatedly. The trading price of cocoa is one of the most unpredictable ones. The price is determined by multiplying the bean price by a ratio of cocoa powder and cocoa butter. If the ratio falls below a certain number, than the production of cocoa generates a very low profit. It is these low profits and risky circumstances that lead farmers to buy children and use slave labor, rather than paying a fair price. (Zetterstrom, 2006) They also need to make meet an end- they may also have a family at home who have to be fed. On the other hand, one could, as the Geneva-based International Cocoa Initiative (a partnership between industry, civil society and labor groups) think, that child labor is largely a consequence of unsatisfactory school access and poverty. Laura Burke, 2012) So are the children assumed they had the blame for their enslavement, and get even more an accommodation by the farmers and work-a task in life? Slavery is absolutely wrong would certainly say all people from the West, including me, because we hold personal freedom as a right. In countries where there is a high child death rate due to poverty, and starvation, living as a slave could be s een as a preferable option compared to death or living on the street-if they did not get as in this case, better housing and better treatment. Everyone depends on everyone. .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .postImageUrl , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:hover , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:visited , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:active { border:0!important; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:active , .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf20db9fa6b9933ab8dd1b1c6ad4d9c5d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gender socialization EssayIt is in the true sense of the word a vicious circle, of which is truly difficult to come out. As the farmer can live without feeling guilty, thats a good question. They do not have the right to mistreat people due to standing under pressure to have enough money. My opinion is that the major moral issue here is the treatment of the boys. Question 3: Who shares in the moral responsibility for the slavery occurring in the Chocolate industry? The term Morality deals with the norms, values and beliefs in social processes which describe right and wrong for everyone. Crane Matten, 2010) I believe all farmers, government, American chocolate Companies, D istributors, and Consumers share the moral responsibility in this case. All of them contribute to the continuation and practice of slavery. But the groups that can drive the greatest change to eliminate the use of slavery to harvest cocoa bean are the American Chocolate Companies, Distributors and Consumer who drive the prices for Chocolate. So the moral responsibility comes from the top. They are the string puller and the others are all their puppets, dance in that way they want them to dance. To carry moral obligation is not easy when it concerns slavery. How can the leaders of major corporations just stand back? Maybe they have a son the same age sitting at home. The large corporations seemingly hide themselves from any emotional obligations/bonds and follow the consumer society. African families think about voluntarily to send their children to such farms, so that money comes into the fund. One example is Yao, who was sent by his own father for hard work. I was living in Bouake with my grandmother, Yao Kouassi said. But my father sent me here to work. I have not seen my family for three years. (Humphrey Hawksley, 2011) So he had even been at a family place, from which he was expelled. That conduct shows a complicity of the African families. We as consumers should possibly think about us about informing us about the origin of the food we eat. Question 4: Consider the Bill that Representive Engle and Senator Harkin attempted to enact into a law, but which never became a law because of the lobbying efforts of the chocolate companies. What does this incident show about the view that â€Å"to be ethical it is enough for businesspeople to follow the law†? Although the bill would come through, that large corporations would probably only agreed on account of the law and not because of any ethical backgrounds. If they would provide their malfunction, they would have agreed with the first filing of the bill. This procrastination is an unethical way of thinking. So, is it sufficient that businesspeople act only according to the law and ethical matters may be hidden? In my opinion, every company goes down the tubes when it thinks only of money and leave ethical things out respectively favor profits than the ethical doings. (Parkhe, 2013) Ethic programs are mentioned in many companies compliance. They focus is on the employees duty to comply with laws and organizational codes. Often this results in a setting that makes you just what you have to do and also staying away from trouble. These attitudes and behavior disregards the ethical implications of the conduct and standards of conduct treats as mere obstacles to be overcome or avoided. So that means compliance stands for things that I have to do and ethics of what I could do. â€Å"The area of discretion between the legal â€Å"must† and the moral â€Å"should† presents challenges to our ethical consciousness. That is why there is a difference between what we have a right to do and what is right to do. † (Josephson Institute, 2010) If one uses the German pharmaceutical company Merck as a practical example you can see that for some companies also ethics can come first. .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .postImageUrl , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:hover , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:visited , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:active { border:0!important; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:active , .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bcc3b62adde475882d04d492ffea75f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plot Essay SummaryMany companies put profit ahead of ethics, as in the article the chocolate factories have done. The managers of Merck have spent several hundred million dollars on the introduction of a product, even though they knew that it will not be promising profitable. They felt they had an ethical obligation to make its potentially great benefits available to people. (Velasquez, 2006, p7) Other people as Milton Friedman put profit over ethics: â€Å"The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits†. (Friedman, 1970, p. 2) On the other hand some large companies, such as Starbucks, Amazon and American Express followed that example and put ethic s first. (Kulikowski, 2012) You see, there are also global companies they act ethically. Unfortunately, the major chocolate manufacturers apparently think otherwise. Words: 1. 399 References Crane, A, and Matten, D (2010) Business Ethics, Oxford University Press: Oxford Forced Labour Convention No. 29 (1930) Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour(Entry into force: 01 May 1932) Available

Thursday, March 26, 2020

Lasting Effects of the European Renaissance How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay Example

Lasting Effects of the European Renaissance: How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay The European Renaissance, dating from the 15th through the 17th century, was a time of resounding changes in politics, art, science, religion, and understanding of humanity. The artists and great thinkers of this period, sought to reflect realism and logic   through their works. From this time period, ideas have flourished which still effect the very structures of American society today. The latent influence of the European Renaissance can still be seen in the continuing traditions seen in modern day art, economics, politics, and education.It is commonly believed that the Renaissance period began in the independent state republics of Italy and spread through the rest of Europe. With their inclination toward quasi-democratic political systems and a fundamental economic system which would later be seen as the advent of capitalism, the ideas that carried to the North, South, East, and West from cities such as Florence had an immense impact on not only the cultural and social tradition s of Europe but also the political and economic. With decimation of the population, due to the spread of the black plague throughout Europe, the traditional ideas and systems would thrown into an upheaval. The economic structure was heavily strained by a loss in population and consequently demand. Without a public to whom they could sell their wares, artisans and farmers suffered.The changes and hardship wrought by the plague allowed for an opening for new ideas to flourish. The middle-class began to be seen in the major cities of Europe, fueling the once-crippled economy. This new social structure has continued through the ages, just as the capitalism that supports it has also flourished. Though the category has more recently been delineated to lower-middle class, upper-middle class, and simply middle-class, the precedent of economic separations beyond upper and lower class was established and is now an ingrained part of American life. Not only is there still a definite class syste m, with a distinct separation between the rich and poor but as noted above in the categorization of different types of middle class, it has also become a part of the culture. How often is a character in a movie called â€Å"working class† or â€Å"blue collar†? Can mention be made in the news on any financial topic without reference to a â€Å"middle† â€Å"lower† or â€Å"upper class†? Economically, America remains as divided as Renaissance-era Europe.The beginnings of modern trade and exploration were seen with the advent of new navigational tools   and a better understanding of astronomy and science. With new trade routes established, Europe saw in influx of foreign goods such as spices and a spike in trade between the countries. This precursor to free trade, helped to enrich and build the economies. In Florence, the banking systems helped to maintain and regulate the growth of wealth operating not   unlike the modern banking system of savin gs and loan. The U.S.’s current economic system, based as it is on free enterprise and trade could not have grown into it’s current incarnate without these early developments. Much like today, trade was regulated by demand and new technology. The advent of the printing press made the printed word more accessible to the masses and increased exploration allowed for wider trade capabilities. This spread of knowledge can be likened to Internet in it’s ability to bring together the populace and help with the spread of new ideas. Most notable for the Renaissance is the spread of humanism which we can still see in the human interest side of journalism or even the more recent fascination of the American public with reality television. The Renaissance idea of realism is taken to a final extreme in the staged realism of such shows as Survivor and Big Brother. Realism has grown to become a novelty as much as an art form.Owing to the tragedy of the plague, people began to r eflect on their own mortality and to think beyond the church-backed philosophy of living for the hereafter. Europeans experienced a push for reform of the church in the form of such figures as Martin Luther and John Calvin. Calvin’s brand of Protestantism found itself imported to America with the settlers in New England. The puritanical traditions on which the U.S. was founded, directly resulted from the preceding reforms in Europe resulting from the Protestant Reformation and the growing religious persecution. There are still tendrils of this tradition within American society, where fundamental ideals still dominate public politics on subjects ranging from social policies involving homosexuality and censorship to education. Though no longer as censorious as it once was, the American government still exercises control over television and radio content through the FCC and the scientific community felt the restraints of religious influence in the ban on stem cell research enact ed by former president George W. Bush.The influences of the European Renaissance cannot be understated in the role it played on the future of education and through this the future of the continent and the Americas. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy and political thought came to the forefront as works which had long been lost to Western society were once more introduced. Among these ideas was the idea of education for all; whereby during the Middle Ages only the upper class and royalty were privy to an education, these old-new ideals along with the previously noted invention of the printing press, spread literacy throughout Europe and along with it new ideas. These new ideas help found movements, and a growth of new philosophies. New ideas of democracy and a pull away from the monarchal traditions of many European countries reached a climax with the emigration of the first settlers to the   Americas and the eventual establishment of the United States.Art is most commonly associate d with the Renaissance period for good reason. Paintings and sculptures began to reflect the human form in a more natural and realistic state; while the subjects were largely religious the innovations of form and light, contrast all helped to contribute to the artistic traditions of the Renaissance. These same principles can be seen in not only contemporary art   but also photography, graphic design, architecture and cinematography. The images we see each day when walking down the street or watching commercials on TV was shaped by these basic principles.The new ideas of the European Renaissance grew to become the ideals which have shaped American society and thought. The innovations in science, art, politics, religion and education have all continued to grow from their original ideals established by Renaissance thinkers and artists. The very precepts on which American society was founded and continues to grow, namely that of democracy and capitalism, began with the changes in Euro pe during the 15th century. That these concepts continue to be modernized with the newest technologies is a testament to the innovative nature of that society and our own.ReferencesBrotton, J. (2006). The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: Cambridge.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Free Essays on Marajuana

Marijuana Marijuana has been around for thousands of years. From 1804 when Napoleon discovered it in Egypt to Queen Victoria who used it for her menstrual cramps. However, it was introduced to the United States during the Industrial Age in 1876 by the king of Turkey. Supposedly this was the biggest pot party in the world until Woodstock in the 60's. Either way I chose to write about this topic because it interests me very much. I’ve done papers on the subject in favor of legalizing marijuana. You had mentioned that you know plenty of people who smoke marijuana and never have seen anyone become violent. I totally agree with you and have plenty of real life experiences to back it up. I wouldn’t say that I’m a pot head, but I do occasionally smoke marijuana. The reason I’m telling you this is because you told us to be honest with you and tell you real life experiences. My friends and I probably started smoking pot towards the end of high school. Most of my friends are anywhere from 23-28 years old now and not one of us has become violent or had it effect our lives. I know that just because my friends and I haven’t had any negative consequences from smoking pot, besides wigging out, it doesn’t speak for the rest of society. However, William Woodward of the American Medical Association says there is no evidence to back up pot as being a violent drug. I thought it was very interesting that Harry J. Anslinger and Hertz used false facts to allow the Government to put a stamp tax on Marijuana. A tax he knew would never allow the sale of marijuana because he used the same type of tax to ban the purchase of machine guns. Then the movie â€Å"Reefer Madness† comes out and is so over the top exaggerated. The FBI endorses it openings scenes. What the narrator says about the facts about marijuana are distorted, exaggerated, and just plain wrong. Anslinger demonized marijuana so effectively it was propaganda to the... Free Essays on Marajuana Free Essays on Marajuana Marijuana Marijuana has been around for thousands of years. From 1804 when Napoleon discovered it in Egypt to Queen Victoria who used it for her menstrual cramps. However, it was introduced to the United States during the Industrial Age in 1876 by the king of Turkey. Supposedly this was the biggest pot party in the world until Woodstock in the 60's. Either way I chose to write about this topic because it interests me very much. I’ve done papers on the subject in favor of legalizing marijuana. You had mentioned that you know plenty of people who smoke marijuana and never have seen anyone become violent. I totally agree with you and have plenty of real life experiences to back it up. I wouldn’t say that I’m a pot head, but I do occasionally smoke marijuana. The reason I’m telling you this is because you told us to be honest with you and tell you real life experiences. My friends and I probably started smoking pot towards the end of high school. Most of my friends are anywhere from 23-28 years old now and not one of us has become violent or had it effect our lives. I know that just because my friends and I haven’t had any negative consequences from smoking pot, besides wigging out, it doesn’t speak for the rest of society. However, William Woodward of the American Medical Association says there is no evidence to back up pot as being a violent drug. I thought it was very interesting that Harry J. Anslinger and Hertz used false facts to allow the Government to put a stamp tax on Marijuana. A tax he knew would never allow the sale of marijuana because he used the same type of tax to ban the purchase of machine guns. Then the movie â€Å"Reefer Madness† comes out and is so over the top exaggerated. The FBI endorses it openings scenes. What the narrator says about the facts about marijuana are distorted, exaggerated, and just plain wrong. Anslinger demonized marijuana so effectively it was propaganda to the...

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

UPS Invests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UPS Invests - Essay Example Many of these objectives are going to be attained by monitoring, fuel consumption which will mean that they will be able to use less fuel during their activities. Another thing that the company aims at by introducing the new technology is to encourage responsibility and accountability of their employees. With the new technology they will be able to monitor their activities throughout the world. There are a number of things that United Parcel Service is doing in the bid of embracing technology. They are fitting their delivery vans with sensors that enable them to collect data about the activities that these vans are involved in. For the data that is collected to be inclusive the sensors are installed various parts of the vehicles. The parts of the vehicles that are fitted with these sensors include: the brakes, engine boxes, and the accelerators. A combination of data collected from these parts can help in coming up with inclusive information on the performance of these vehicles. The data that they aim at collecting include information about the routes used by the vans, the amount of fuel consumed by the vans, and amount of time that the engines are left idle. Given that most of their parcel transportation takes place through air transport, they also aim at conserving flight fuel, moderating flight speed, and regulating the routes that are used by their flights. The sensors that are used by their trucks will also see to it that the consumption of fuel is minimized. Every morning the drivers are briefed on the data that was collected from the vehicle that they drive (Sobey, 2009). Apart from the briefing the company also offers advice to the drivers on things that they could do to make sure that their activities contributes to the sustainability of the company. There are a number of ways in which United Parcel Service will benefit from virtualization. The

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Technology in criminal justice mangement Research Paper

Technology in criminal justice mangement - Research Paper Example DNA profiles are founded on non – coding DNA and do not disclose the details related to an individual’s physical appearance. This has been one of the major factors that have made such evidence acceptable (MCharek, 2008, p. 519). DNA profiling has achieved phenomenal success in criminal investigation. Moreover, this feature, in association with the major breakthroughs in the field of genetics has greatly enhanced the value of evidence based on DNA profiling. The present day DNA evidence is not restricted to identification, wherein trace evidence is compared with a suspect’s sample (MCharek, 2008, p. 519). As such, DNA profiling is much more and it has the capacity to generate information about the potential offender. One such development is the inference of visible traits, which is founded on racial classifications (MCharek, 2008, p. 519). By employing more sensitive methods that are based upon the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in conjunction with multiplex marker kits, it has become possible to analyze minute and degenerated biological trace evidence. Furthermore, the volume of DNA profiles produced has increased drastically, due to the introduction of capillary DNA sequencing machines (MCharek, 2008, p. 520). These devices make it possible to achieve a much higher rate of processing samples. This increase has also been attributed to the compilation of DNA databanks, and the additional standardization of working procedures. However, these developments have created several new political and ethical problems (MCharek, 2008, p. 520). In addition, these issues can be classified as difficulties emerging from the use of DNA profiling as a tool for investigation. In the initial stages of the use of this new technology, DNA evidence had functioned as a technology enabling identification. The issue at that time was to determine whether a correlation could be established

Monday, January 27, 2020

The wide use of CCTV and effects on the Public

The wide use of CCTV and effects on the Public In the year 2000, Philips reviewed the studies that evaluated the effectiveness of closed circuit television (CCTV) in reducing crime, disorder and the fear of crime in a variety of places by using a guiding procedure from Tilleys model (1993a), which focused on the operational mechanisms used in closed circuit television. After his review, he then concluded that CCTV can be very efficient in deterring property crime, but his findings were more restricted to personal crime, public offences and the fear of crime. He also examined the public attitudes towards the use of CCTV in public places. Armitage (2002), in his own review of recent researches into the effectiveness of CCTV on community safety and the practitioners, he observed that CCTV was not always as successful at reducing crime as it was claimed to be. Although he confirmed that CCTV coverage and the governments funding of new systems have increased dramatically over the previous decade, in his findings, he strongly believed that CCTV has been more effective in deterring crime rather than being crime preventive. On the whole, he strongly believed that very little substantial evidence would suggest that CCTV worked. Short and Ditton (1998) noted that researchers in Scotland had concluded that CCTV cameras work to prevent criminality most of the time, unless the offenders were under the influence of alcohol. Obviously, alcohol would hinder proper reasoning and correct decision options. Some CCTV evaluation workers e.g. Gill et al (2005) have interviewed offenders regarding their attitudes towards the installation of CCTV cameras and the possible effects on crime. Although in those studies Gill et al (2005), many offenders felt that CCTV installation has been beneficial to the society, a few people still believe that it was a waste, failing to acknowledge its effectiveness at reducing crime. It was then speculated that offenders would normally wait for the CCTV cameras to move away from their direction before committing the intended crime. It was concluded therefore, that CCTV might have little or no effect in preventing the offenders from committing a crime but rather it would make them aware tha t they were being watched, thereby rendering them to be more careful when committing crimes. 2.2 CCTV and the CCTV Operator. But from the operators perspective according to Smith (2004), limited empirical research has been carried out on the dynamics and social interactions that make up a typical CCTV control rooms operational routine. He believed that the human element has been completely ignored and neglected. His study questioned the accuracy of a central assumption made in most of the written literatures on CCTV (Gill et al 2005). He believed that surveillance cameras were not only controlled and monitored constantly, but are also handled effectively and efficiently by the operators. In order to reduce the effects of tiredness and boredom, the operators often result into extra-curricular activities such as game playing while on duty. Indeed, the findings from the research of Smith (2004) suggested that the operators often felt imprisoned by their job within the confines of the CCTV control room. Based on these findings, he concluded that the human factor has undermined the effectiveness of CCTV surveil lance system. 2.3 CCTV and transport Regarding traffic accidents, Conche and Tight (2006) in their recent research, assessed the potential use for images collected through the increasingly use of CCTV cameras in urban areas as a means of understanding the causes of road traffic accidents and ensuring public safety of all road users. However, they thought that apart from CCTV being used to ensure public safety, it also provided records of accidents which could be used by safety researchers to increase both the quality of life and safety of road users. An area in central Leeds, which was studied showed that an existing CCTV camera network, used for monitoring urban traffic and managing surveillance, has the potential of recording about a quarter of the accidents which occured in the area. This was based on the pattern of past occurrences. Furthermore, majority of the High Streets in the United Kingdom will possibly have more camera set-ups placed in strategic places in order to reduce traffic accidents. The study also con sidered how resourceful the camera and video records could be as a means of collecting contributory factor information on a camera-captured accident. It was expressed as a general belief that the effectiveness of CCTV can only be assessed in terms of how visible each of the factors was likely to appear on video and its relative frequency of occurrence as well as how many crime issues it could resolve. The report concluded that CCTV has a high potential in providing adequate evidences about many of the most commonly occurring factors that contribute to traffic accidents, and in throwing further light on the causes of traffic accidents ( ). 2.4 CCTV and Crime. In the field of environmental criminology, we can not but mention Paul and Patricia Brantingham (2003) who studied extensively the models of crime with theories of the spatial and temporal patterns of human activities to predict the patterns and likelihood of criminal events. By modelling the movement patterns of offenders and the victims, in relation to the distribution and concentration of other people, criminal targets can make it possible to anticipate patterns in the potential displacement of crime from one location to another. The analysis of the movement patterns of criminals utilizing particular crime attractors can provide information on likely crime locations. The behavioural pattern of criminals can be used to predict their activities and the environments of crime, as well as their next-line of actions. Their opinion was that crime prevention and intervention, undertaken in displacement areas, bearing in mind the times and situations that stimulate the occurrence of crime, could have the potential of increasing any crime preventive measure. That article explained how the development of a conceptual model can be used to quantify and predict crime displacement within the concept of time and space. 2.5 Crime Indicators and Attractors The threat of crime to the community is threat to the safety of the society and the sense of security of the residents; and it is also believed to have major impacts on neighbourhood stability, urban and economic development, education, social integration and the perceived quality of life. Today, crime and disorder are often viewed as the main cause of the declining effect of many inner city neighbourhoods. The Fear of crime is sometimes regarded as being detrimental to the society as crime itself. Most crimes can be prevented if the signs are clearly understood and read, and indeed all crimes show crime indicators and signs before they occur. Some of the known crime indicators include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Level of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime victims as per cent of population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The safety of pedestrians walking alone at night. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime rate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Property crimes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Percentage that decreased park use due to fear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of Neighbourhood Watch groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Domestic assault reported per 100,000 populations. (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Database/PublicSafety.html) The above are just a few crime indicators; crime indicators are also influenced by location, economic activities, weather conditions and the level of security, etc. According to Spellman (1993), in an economically distressed neighbourhood, the abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Inquisitively, does CCTV surveillance recognise these indicators? 2.6 CCTV and the fear of crime. Gafarole (1981), in a paper presented more than twenty years ago supporting Furstenberg (1972), made an observation that has proven to be the understatement of the decade for researchers studying the fear of crime. It was observed thatthe relationship between a crime and its consequences is neither obvious nor simple. His observation was more correct than it was twenty years earlier, despite the fact that the knowledge about the causes and consequences of fear of crime has increased steadily over the years. Every advance that was made, whether by refining concepts, specifying and testing relationships, obtaining more comprehensive data or by some other means, seemed to generate more questions than it answered. After a preliminary discussion of concepts and indicators, a model of the causes and consequences of fear of crime was presented while the components of the model were described in the light of what was already known about the fear of crime. Although the question about the fear of crime has been a major issue with the policy makers and the public (Farrall et al. 2000). The concept of safety can be influenced by a range of different factors so is it with the fear of crime .e.g. Sarno et al., (1999) stated that the presence of CCTV does instil an atmosphere of safety while Ditton (2000) found that one of the positive impact of CCTV is linked to the positive views about CCTV (e.g. Spriggs et al., 2005) Surette (2004) reviewed and discussed the shift to computer enhanced self-monitoring CCTV surveillance systems of public spaces and the social implications. His findings showed the main differences between the first and second generation surveillance i.e. the change from a dumb camera (requiring the human eye for evaluating its images) to a computer-linked camera system which evaluates its own video images. Second generation systems therefore would reduce the human factor in surveillance and address some of the basic concerns associated with the first generation surveillance systems such as data swamping, boredom, voyeurism and profiling. Although additional research is needed to assess CCTV surveillance, the adoption of computer-enhanced CCTV surveillance systems should not be an automatic response to a public space security problem neither should their deployment be decided simply on the availability or cost. In summary, the report has provided a concise overview of the concerns associated with the first generation CCTV surveillance and how the evolution of computer-enhanced CCTV surveillance systems will alter and add to these concerns before a system adoption or installation. 2.7 CCTV Evaluations. Welsh and Farrington (2009) gave a recent review and analysis on the effectiveness of CCTV on crime in public spaces. He evaluated forty-four cases which met the inclusion criteria and the results showed that CCTV caused 16% decrease in crime within the experimental areas when compared with the control areas. The research was motivated by the quest to measure the effectiveness of CCTV schemes in car parks, which caused a 51% decrease in car park crime. CCTV schemes in most other public areas had a small but non-significant impact on crime with a 7% decrease in the city centres and in public houses. Public transport schemes had greater effects with a 23% decrease in total, but these were relatively insignificant. Conclusively, the evaluation showed that CCTV Schemes in the United Kingdom were more effective than other countries such as the USA, based largely on the studies in the car parks. Although Tilley et al (2004) suggested that the use of CCTV increased the risks of being identified and captured as a criminal, Wright and Gibson (1995) added that having the local police and CCTV operators working hand in hand would further help in tracking down suspects and offenders. In the Early years, Ekblom (1986) emphasized that CCTV should be targeted on craved items and pocket-able goods in retail stores to supplement the effort of store detectives. Using the HMV store in Oxford Street as a case study, he discovered that store detectives can cub store theft with the joint effort of CCTV operators. Several studies noted that crime often declined in the months prior to the installation of cameras. After cameras were fully operational, crime might continue to drop for a period as long as two years ( ). Crime would then begin to increase again. As suggested in the literature, this phenomenon is due to publicity or a lack of publicity. The greatest amount of publicity often occurred prior to the installation of the cameras. This was the time when crime levels begin to drop. If CCTV programs were continuously publicized, their effect on crime would remain steady otherwise crime and criminal behaviors would begin to increase as the effect of CCTVs disappeared. According to a brief on the effect of CCTV in 2002 at the Parliament Office of Science and Technology, there was a debate on the changes in recorded crime before and after CCTV camera installation. It was concluded that CCTV was unlikely to reflect crime accurately since not all offences are reported to or recorded by the polic e. Local surveys of crime may provide more accurate measures. 2.8 CCTV and crime displacements. Repetto (1976) speculated that one or more displacements can occur together at the same time while he identified six types of displacements (tactical, situational, spatial, temporal and perpetrator). He defined spatial displacement as the movement of the same crime from one location to another. This is quite different from his definition of tactical displacement when an offender uses a different strategy to commit the same crime. He also defined temporal displacement as when the same offence is committed in the same area but at a different time. This type of displacement is time-oriented. Target displacement was explained when an offender becomes selective in choosing different victims within the same area. Finally, functional displacement operates when the offender changes from a particular crime to another within the same area. Reppetto (1976) then concluded that Displacement refers to the shift of crime either in terms of space, time, or type of offence from the original targets o f crime prevention or interventions. Weisburd et al (2006) argued that crime has the potential to occur when three factors suitable for a crime are present within the available time and space (Cohen and Felson, 1979). However to further expatiate; neglecting the causes of crime such as unemployment and illegal drug would render any intervention ineffective. On the contrary, if the issues of unemployment and drug misuse are addressed, offenders may look elsewhere for a different target area in most cases areas without interventions and thereby leading to crime displacement. Alternatively however, diffusion of benefits to surrounding areas may occur as a result of the intervention. This would depend on the success of the intervention in apprehending offenders. Young et al (2006) researched into crime displacements in Kings cross where views from the streets were used to highlight the impacts of CCTV and policing activities on visible street behaviours. The presence of CCTV surveillance cameras created the fear of being caught on camera thereby contributing to a change in street behaviours by the pedestrians. The data used in this research reflected the cessation of criminal behaviours on the streets. However, the presence of blind spots (areas not accessible to CCTV) are often the areas with high rates of anti-social behaviours. It was concluded that CCTV surveillance cameras do not actually deter crime but rather they are more effective in providing visual evidences in the prosecution of criminals. Such information is handled by law enforcement agencies. Gill and Turbin (1999) studied the effect of CCTV and its effectiveness in a retail store, concluding that this may lower the attitude and vigilance of shop staff where CCTV is seen as th e all- perfect panacea against shop theft or crime, as further buttressed by Beck (2006) on reduction in the degree of vigilance within the store. Nevertheless, the absence of CCTV in local areas was a pre-requisite for crimes such as stealing (Beck, 2006). Gill and Spriggs (2005) wrote a review on the significant crime movements that could be observed clearly from the report on the evaluation of 13 out of the numerous CCTV projects that were put in place by the Crime Reduction Programme (CRP) initiative. The focus was to identify any form of spatial displacement in the schemes that were evaluated. Two techniques, which involved an experimental approach and GIS in assessing any changes in crime trends. The primary aim was to identify any form of displacement and if any could it be as a result of CCTV intervention?. The results showed little proof of displacement. Getis et al (2000) however reviewed the modern techniques of crime analysis with regard to the research and educational challenges outlined by the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. More attention was devoted to the role that crime analysis currently and potentially played in reducing crime and improving the efficiency of police activities. The main aim w as to stimulate an interest in promoting crime analysis in the advancement of crime mapping and visualization. 2.9 CCTV and Geographical Information System (GIS) Williamson et al. (2000) took an experimental approach and regression analysis as a statistical procedure for analysing temporal crime trends over different periods. Few years later, Ratcliffe (2005) used the nearest neighbour test to identify crime pattern movements between two periods. Both scholars, Williamson et al (2000) and Ratcliffe (2005) used GIS and statistics in their research to provide a powerful tool for understanding the spatial characteristics and the impact of crime reduction measures. Levine (2008) added some other techniques based upon the analysis that could be valuable in hotspot detection. Generally therefore, it appeared that some crime types were predicted more successfully by using the Kernel density which was used for predicting crime hot spots (Chainey et al.,2008a). General comments Note that et al is always written in italics 2. Note that any significant result statement must have the appropriate reference(s) quoted against it Note that person pronouns (I or We) are rarely used in dissertation reports, this is often avoided by employing indirect tenses, e.g. the CCTV coverage zones were studied on two consecutive days should be written instead of I studied the CCTV coverage zones on two consecutive days See under your Introduction: consider whether it was wise to have introduced cctv at all. Has it removed th anxiety of 1980s that originally necessitated cctv era? You can discus your personal opinion from your findings Gather from your literature review the main findings of previous workers that closely resemble your work and identify and relate their own achievements to clearly bring out what you have contributed to the literature of this field. Discuss the appropriateness of the methodology you adopted in comparison with similar others (if any) from your literature review and why you chose it and not the others. You may talk about what you would have better achieved if all the camera spots data were released to you by the Sheffield Information Dept. What else can you discuss from your own intelligence and as a UK licensed driver on cctv traffic offences. Find relevant references that you can use within your results and discussion section to support your findings e.g. on the crime displacements from central /darnall wards 7/9 to wards 6, 13, 2, etc., or deprivation-linked crime environments, etc. Well-done and good luck, my dear; dont look at the work but focus at the Glory-to-God praises on that day and the peace-covenant future awaiting you and your family. 1.3 Closed Circuit Television in Sheffield. The first cameras were installed in 1996 prior to the Euro 96 football competition for which Sheffield was a host city; the cameras were primarily installed to monitor transport links within the city centre rather than to monitor crime scenes. It was not until four years later that more cameras were installed to help prevent and detect crime, in consultation with other services such as the South Yorkshire Police (SYP) and the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport (SPT). They were installed in areas that were potential crime hotspots. It is also clear that the major camera network is extensively installed in the city centre and along the major transport links into the city. Presently, Sheffield City Council has 133 Cameras as at the 1st of July 2010 compared with only 60 cameras in July 2000 indicating an increase of 73 cameras installed in 10 years. In 2001and 2003, 11 Cameras each were installed while in 2002, 26 Cameras were installed at each tram stop; in 2004, only 1 Camera was ins talled in Burn greave while in 2005, 5 Cameras at Eyre Street were installed and in 2006, none was installed. In 2007, 2008 and 2009, a total of 17 cameras (10, 4 and 3 Cameras, respectively) were installed at Millennium Square/ Bus Lane/ Exchange Gateway, Ring Road Urban Traffic Control (UTC), and Granville Square/Bus Lane respectively. Currently in 2010, a few more cameras were installed using funds from the Governments Street Crime Initiative (Devonshire Green/The Wicker), the New Deal for Communities Board (Burn greave), Manor/Castle Development Trust (Park Hill) and Charter Row in the city centre (Single Regeneration Budget, Round 6). And cameras were also installed at Super tram stops from the city centre to Meadowhall terminus, parts of Tinsley and parts of Darnall and the city centre (Sheffield City Council, 2010). More developments are expected in Eyre Street and Sheaf Square. The cost of maintaining and monitoring these cameras are ridiculously high, a summary is detailed below; The total Monitoring Costs =  £474,600.00 The total Maintenance Costs =  £198,037.00 Therefore the maintenance Costs per Camera is  £1,489 per year i.e. each camera costs  £3,568.42 to monitor per year. Despite the high cost of maintenance of CCTV, one of the most sophisticated and digital closed circuit television system in Sheffield is known as Sheffield Wide Image Switching System (SWISS), shown in Fig 2 which is still being used at an advantage in crime reduction. Fig. 2: SWISS IN ACTION IN SHEFFIELD. (Courtesy Sheffield Town Hall). Although the objective of creating SWISS , some of which include the prevention of crime and the provision of evidences against offenders to support crime tracking and prevention and then to help the traffic management or assist in the Automatic Number Plate Recognition initiatives to track vehicles used in criminal activities. However, in view of the cost of maintaining and monitoring these CCTV cameras, incorporated into a system known as SWISS, it would be useful to know if the Big Brother is actually watching the streets. 1.4 Crimes in Sheffield. It was recorded that there was approximately 90% reduction in the number of steel workers employed between 1971 (45,100 workers) and 1993 (4,700 workers). According to Taylor et al (1996), about 10, 000 jobs were lost into the mining industry between 1994 and 1996. With this rapid increase in unemployment, crime rate has increased in certain areas in and around Sheffield , already identified by the SYP force as High Intensity Crime Areas, largely more to the part of the northeast of the city. It is estimated that about 60 000 people live in this area which includes the wards of Manor, Darnall, Brightside, a large area of Burngreave, and parts of Castle, Firth Park, Intake, and Nether Shire. These are, in fact, some of the most deprived wards in England. These wards are known to lack good health, educational awareness, and lack good housing facilities. Notwithstanding the presence of High Intensity Areas, according to Simmons et al. (2003), Sheffield is still believed to be one of the safest areas in the United Kingdom. (National Statistics, 2003). 1.5 Crime Indicators and Attractors. The threat of crime to the community is threat to the safety of the society and the sense of security of the residents; and it is also believed to have major impacts on neighbourhood stability, urban and economic development, education, social integration and the perceived quality of life. Today, crime and disorder are often viewed as the main cause of the declining effect of many inner city neighbourhoods. The Fear of crime is sometimes regarded as being detrimental to the society as crime itself. Most crimes can be prevented if the signs are clearly understood and read and indeed all crimes show crime indicators and signs before they occur. Some of the known crime indicators include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Level of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fear of crime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime victims as per cent of population. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The safety of pedestrians walking alone at night. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Crime rate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Property crimes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Percentage that decreased park use due to fear. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of Neighbourhood Watch groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Domestic assault reported per 100,000 populations. (http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/Database/PublicSafety.html) These are just a few crime indicators mentioned above; crime indicators are also influenced by location, economic activities, weather conditions and the level of security, etc. According to Spellman (1993), in an economically distressed neighbourhood, the abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. Inquisitively, does CCTV surveillance recognise these indicators? 1.6 CCTV Surveillance and the Human Error. However, to start with, does CCTV identify crimes? The long hours spent monitoring CCTV surveillance cameras and reviewing the tapes allow the human error factor to set in. No one seems to be an exception to the vulnerability of the unconscious influences and causes of a tired eye. Fig.3 shows a CCTV operator gazing consciously on a camera at close range. For how long can he gaze without missing the most vital indicator to show a crime as just occurred? Fig. 3: CCTV OPERATOR IN CCTV CONTROL ROOM. (Courtesy, Google Images, 2010). Heather (2005) has explained that the police rarely use the Public CCTV to immediately react to crime but only use it as hard evidence for prosecution and prediction. At the Urban eye expert conference few years ago, it was clear that the UK police officers had other priorities than reacting to CCTV nuisance calls for antisocial behaviours. The huge number of cameras in the UK and the broadcasting of these images on television have made petty crime and antisocial behaviours visible to the public. However because most criminal behaviours were recorded and made live, they became impossible to ignore. However Virilio (1998) explained that visual image is easily forgotten due to the speed of the visual image and the excitement of visual information and acquisition. The use of CCTV by the Police is for evidence collection and to search relevant clues for other crimes committed in the area e.g. suspects arriving and parking their cars or other movements linked to another neighbouring crime. As the police employ CCTV image for prosecution, others are exploring how CCTV can be linked into a predictive or preventive system, which is beyond the established practice of making a video camera visible for deterrence. It is correct to say that mobile CCTV has been very useful in acquiring hot spots images. Though it has been assumed that CCTV displaces crime, it is quite subjective if we could base our facts on mere assumptions (Surveillance-and-society,2010).

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Bureaucracy & Democracy

Democracy is a term with several meanings and this has led to a genuine misconception as to its real meaning. To some, bureaucracy is red tape, to others it is officialdom and to some it is an organizational form (Cole p25). Observation and studies on bureaucracy have been done by many academicians among them Max Weber (1864-1920). Weber wanted to find out why people in many organizations obeyed those in authority over them. Weber observed that people obeyed legitimate authority and he identified three types of legitimate authority as traditional authority, charismatic authority and rational-legal authority.It is the rational-legal form of authority that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term ‘bureaucracy’. Weber outlined the main features of bureaucracy as a continuous organization of functions bound by rules, specified spheres of competence, a hierarchical arrangement of offices, appointments to offices made on grounds of technical competence, the separation of officials from the ownership of the organization, official positions exist on their own right and finally rules, decisions and actions are formulated and recorded in writing (Cole p 26).Weber felt that bureaucracy was indispensable for large organizations and there is no doubt that this form organization has been adopted in one way or another virtually in all forms of enterprises the world over. Government bureaucracy: â€Å"If men were angels, no government would be necessary† James Madison and for governments bureaucracy is form of governance that is practicable.However this form of governance has critics and the views of Amy are that bureaucracy is a governance structure that is often perceived negatively by a number of people but he says that most criticisms of government bureaucracy are based more on myths than reality (Amy 2007 p1-8). Amy’s observation is that people normally associate bureaucracy to massive waste, ineff iciency, poor service, ever-growing organizations, mindless rules and realms of useless forms. For these people there is nothing good about bureaucracy as those working in such systems are considered to be lazy, hostile, overpaid, imperious and inflexible.In his arguments, Amy dismisses what he terms the four myths about bureaucracy; 1. Myth no 1: Bureaucracies are immensely wasteful. Tax payers wrongly or rightly believe that much of the tax increases are a result of wastefulness arising from bureaucracies. Government agencies are considered not only wasteful but enormously wasteful. A survey carried out revealed that Americans believe that 48 cents of every tax dollar going to bureaucracies such the Social Security Administration are wasted (Amy 2007).Amy says that investigations by the Government Accounting Office and various blue-ribbon commissions have found that waste amounts to a small fraction of that figure. 2. Myth no 2: Business is always better than bureaucracy. As per A my, there have been many empirical studies examining government bureaucracies versus business in many areas, including refuse collection, electrical utilities, public transportation, water supply systems and hospital administration. The findings have been mixed.Some studies of electric utilities have found that publicly owned ones were more efficient and charged lower prices than privately owned utilities. Several other studies found the opposite while many others found no significant difference. 3. Myth no 3: We want the government to act like a business. The main concern of the government is quality of the service not its costs unlike the business who are obsessed with the bottom-line and hence looking for the cheapest way to make a product or deliver as service.For example it will be imprudent to spend the least amount of resources in the air traffic control system or to look for the cheapest workforce to take charge of security at the airports. 4. Myth no 4: Bureaucracy is major cause of government growth. Conservatives argue that government bureaucracies have an inherent tendency to expand. However figures show that federal agencies have not been growing at an alarming rate. For example in 1970, about 2997000 civilians worked for the federal government at that time.By 2007 that figure had actually gone down to 2695000. An article in published by the Suburban Emergence Management Project (2006 home page) states that the Hurricane Katrina response by the federal, state and local governments in August-September 2005 caused some people to lose faith in the bureaucratic approach used by traditional government hierarchies to organize the provision of services to users who desperately needed them. For example, at the local level, New Orleans Mayor told the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security that he could not commandeer the dozens available school buses to evacuate people because the school boards owned buses, he had no authority over the boards and there was no agreement for the use of the buses. At the state level, the Governor delayed use of military forces to begin reconstitution of the stricken localities until she could validate her authority to rule the troops by disallowing federal National Guards in her state.At the federal level, the President, the Homeland Security Secretary and Federal Emergency Management Agency director could provide services to users of New Orleans during Katrina only at the discretion of the governor of Louisiana. Conclusion: There are areas where government bureaucracy is more effective while in other cases it is counterproductive as evidenced during the Hurricane Katrina crisis. Works cited Amy, D. J. (2007). ‘The case of Democracy, The government is Good We the People; An unapologetic Defense of vital institution’.Available at accessed on April 2, 2009. Pages 1-8 Cole, G. (2004). Management Theory and Practice, 6th Edition published, by Thomson Learning 2004. 25-28. Suburban Emergenc y Management Project (2006), ‘Government Bureaucracy and Two Newer Cultural Approaches to Provide Services Delivery to the Citizenry during Disasters’, Biot Report #411: November 07, 2006. Available at < http://www. semp. us/public/biot_reder. php? BiotID=411 > accessed on April 3, 2009.